虚拟语气

汉语:语境体会非事实状态

英语:语义和形式一致的语言,所以在形式上要体现这种非事实状态。

过去的事是一家发生过的,是事实,是不能被假设的,如果非要对过去的事情假设,就是虚拟语气。

语气是用来表示真假性,包括:

  1. 真实语气
  2. 半真半假语气(推测/不确定)
  3. 假语气(虚拟语气,与事实不符,或者希望成真)

与事实相反——if条件虚拟语气

If he were here, I would see him.

首先,he后面跟were,这个是不合常理。所以预示着,这里要使用开始用虚拟语气了。

其次,英语中要用虚拟语气,都用的过去时态。

现在

if 从句(were / did), 主句(would/ could/ might do)

过去

if 从句(had done),主句(would/ could/ might have done)

将来

if 从句(were to do/ should do), 主句(would / could/ might do)

were to do: 绝无可能

should do: 不太可能实现,万一呢

与事实相反——as if从句

现在

were/ did

过去

had done

将来

should do

与事实相反——wish从句

I wish that we were both young again.

现在

were/ did

过去

had done

将来

should do

与事实相反——if only从句

现在

were/ did

过去

had done

将来

should do

but for: 要不是

or: 否则

命令建议

It is time that ...... should do

It is time that ...... +did/ were

一坚持:insist

二命令:order, command

三建议:advise,consider,suggest,recommend

四要求:require,request,demand,desire/ask